In a recent survey of 23 non-profit organizations, working in 18 countries in West Africa, on making their government accountable, 86% affirmed that the radio had become a useful tool in mobilizing citizens to take action. 74% of the respondents also said that Radio is the most effective tool to use in getting a response from a government agency. Furthermore, in my case study of 9 non – profit organization in Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, I found out that the most effective technology tool to mobilize citizens and also to get government response is the Radio. Its reach, cost-effectiveness, and popular culture set it apart from new technologies such as Facebook and Twitter whose growing penetration are stagnated by the accessibility and affordability of the internet in this region.
Almost every household in Africa has a Radio, and it has become the most used medium to get information. In the four countries – Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Ghana and Liberia, 8 in 10 people have mobile phones. The proliferation of mobile phones is commendable, which has also led to the integration of the Radio, and the Internet. However, only 3 out of 10 are using the internet in West Africa according to the 2017 United Nations World Statistics Pocketbook. Although one might argue that access to the internet has been encouraging in the region, I think its effectiveness remains in the kind of usage. For instance, does the larger population use the internet to listen to music, mobilize themselves or use it for intellectual research or discussion?
A recent study of the report published by Cable UK on the cost of broadband internet in 196 countries showed that the average price paid for internet in 10 West African countries is $226 in a month. In this region, six out of ten people live under US$1.90 in a day, as such, it becomes difficult to afford US$50 for internet per month. It is only a few people living in city centres that can afford to pay for internet to access Facebook, Twitter or even read emails. On the other hand, with less than US$1 you can purchase a Radio, and get information from several channels. Nevertheless, one might not want to overlook the partnership initiated by Facebook with some mobile internet providers, in which Facebook is accessed free of charge on feature phones. Whether this will become a norm, we will see in the near future.
In Africa, it is not unusual to see people craving to listen to someone speaking in their local language. 22 out of the 30 most linguistically diverse countries in the world are in Sub – Saharan Africa. 7 out of them are in West Africa. It is a culture, and this is how Radio is used to take the conversation of citizens engagement to people in West Africa. Facebook, Twitter and Instagram are put together in languages that are not inherent in West Africa countries. This might point to the cultural norms theory which indicates that media tend to establish the standards or norms which define acceptable behaviour in society. The use of local languages in radio programming is becoming more appealing to the larger population in West Africa as seen in countries like Nigeria, where stations using local languages have the highest listeners.
If it is true that technology is moving faster than the human race, then the potentials in early technologies like the Radio, might be revisited. Perhaps, several integrations to make it more responsive to 2 -way conversations might be a welcome idea. For democratic enthusiasts, if Radio is still the favourite media in which the bottom billion gets their information, it would be of interest to curate programming that promotes democratic values in local languages. Again, It is no gainsaying that social media is becoming popular among the young generation in this region, however, I can argue that only a few participate in governance issues on-the-ground. If you feel otherwise, or think something might be missing, please feel free to comment below.
These are some of the results of my research on digital tools used by civil society organizations in West Africa to promote democratic accountability.A more detailed version of this topic will be published in an online handbook titled Accountability Technologies.
Dear sir/Madam
Greetings from apsdhisar
Our NGO is working on UN sustainable development goals and targets. So that we want to be involve into your programme and activities. Please take a appreciate action in the subject.
Thank you
Dear Mange,
Many Thanks for your enquiry. Kindly email me at oludotunbabayemi@gmail.com so we can take it up from there.
Nice work.you are correct.There are some old men and women in rural communities, villages and hamlet settlement that hardly move out to cities. Their routine are going to farm ,market and meeting all within their Rural Communities. but they are current with governance issues and democracy than those in the city because their transistor radio never goes off.so I support your findings radio is more effective. take the BBC Hausa and it’s timid audience across west Africa
Dear Vincent,
You are right about the picture of those in the rural communities which might actually form a larger population of some of these countries. However, I am thinking there is a general push towards targeting youth population that can take and drive action. Then, we will need to ascertain the demographics of the youth population. In essence, are the once that are not on Twitter and Facebook listening to Radio, and what kind of programmes interest them.
I will start first with this statement; “Nevertheless, one might not want to overlook the partnership initiated by Facebook with some mobile internet providers, in which Facebook is accessed free of charge on feature phones. Whether this will become a norm, we will see in the near future.” Yes, Facebook is bringing the people on the internet but on what basis? This may be a good news for some but I doubt if that will remain the same if these people know what that is all about.
There is a saying that “if the product is free, then you are the product”. The issue of Facebook providing access to people means they could only have access to the part of the internet in which Facebook deem fit to let them access. With the current discussion on how Facebook causes depression and how they have been using the data of people, then I think this may be a bad thing for democracy if we are to consider the role of the social media in the last USA election.
That being said, on the use of Radio for mobilization and strengthening of democracy in these countries, it should be noted that this medium is heavily regulated by the government as you will found that majority of the radio station in these countries are owned and managed by the government.
So the question is, how do we use radio for civic mobilization when the medium is regulated by the government?
Dear Tunde,
I think there are actually instances where Facebook has been used to mobilize effectively, and also Twitter as well as shown in the charts. It is only that Radio is the most efficient.
In fact, Radio is regulated in all the four countries that were used as case studies. So how come it still remains effective. I might want to state that these are democratic government and they have a fair freedom of the press which still allows for collaboration between NGOs and media organizations. In a country where all Radio station is state-owned, and where there is no free press, the use of Radio might be limited. However, there are now FM Radio you could set up in a box and use to broadcast within a community – You might want to look at http://www.pocket-fm.com/